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Magic Circle (virtual worlds)
In digital media, the “magic circle” is the membrane that encloses virtual worlds such as first-person shooters, online social environments, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). As noted by Edward Castronova in ''Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games'', this membrane "can be considered a shield of sorts, protecting the fantasy world from the outside world."〔Edward Castronova, ''Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games'' (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2005), 147.〕 Instead of being impenetrable, however, an examination of contemporary virtual worlds reveals that the magic circle is actually quite porous. More directly, there appears to be a relationship between virtual worlds and the outside world. Even though virtual worlds display a range of attributes that are unique to their realm, they also exhibit characteristics deriving from the outside world. Castronova uses the term "synthetic world" because a synthetic world “cannot be sealed completely; people are crossing it all the time in both directions, carrying their behavioral assumptions and attitudes with them."〔''ibid''〕 As this suggests, elements of synthetic worlds are being evaluated in terms of their importance in the outside world. These newly established values, subsequently, gain significance on both sides of the membrane. Thus, it becomes difficult to determine the meaning of the word “virtual.” As stated by Castronova, the “allegedly ‘virtual’ is blending so smoothly into the allegedly ‘real’ as to make the distinction increasingly difficult to see."〔''ibid'', 148.〕
==Origin of the term==
As noted by Eva Nieuwdorp, the term magic circle was “coined by Dutch historian Johan Huizinga (1872–1945)."〔Eva Nieuwdorp, "The Pervasive Interface: Tracing the Magic Circle" (paper presented at the International DiGRA Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16–20, 2005), 6.〕 In ''Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture'', Huizinga wrote:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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